THE QUESTION LIBRARY LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE
Selection favors inherited reproductive advantages; chance, timing, competition and the environment can change which variants spread.
WHERE THE EVIDENCE STANDS
Fitness, luck and timing can all matter. Which matters most depends on the population, its surroundings and which competing variants are available.
Free long answer 2 of 3 this month.
Fitness means reproductive success relative to others: contributing inherited variants to future generations. Survival matters when it helps that contribution. It is not a measure of physical strength or human worth. A variant that helps its carriers leave more descendants can become more common through natural selection.
Here, a gene variant means one version of a gene. To spread across generations, it must be inherited. Becoming common is different from being newly created. One change in one individual does not immediately change the whole population.
A mutation appearing is a new genetic change occurring. Its later spread concerns how many descendants carry it. Some new beneficial variants disappear; others increase without becoming the population’s only version.
Yes. Genetic drift is a change in the frequency of a gene variant caused by chance. For example, its carriers might happen to leave no descendants. This can remove a variant without showing that it was harmful. Drift is especially important in small populations; a rare variant can also become common by chance.
Sometimes. In models of populations reproducing without sex, an earlier modest benefit can take over before a stronger alternative establishes. Before takeover, a later, fitter competitor can instead displace the earlier lineage. Timing changes the opportunities for competition; it does not make the first mutation unbeatable. These models use simplifying assumptions, including stable conditions.
Competition is not always between isolated mutations. A 2007 yeast experiment supported a picture in which lineages accumulated several beneficial changes while competing. A lineage is a chain of descendants. Comparing whole lineages helps explain why judging one mutation’s benefit alone can miss the outcome.
Yes. In a 2016 yeast study, researchers tested gene deletions and extra gene copies under shortages of different nutrients. Few changes increased fitness in more than one condition. A change that helps under one shortage may offer little benefit under another. Helpful is a comparison made in specified surroundings, not a permanent title.
For the broader question of repeatable evolutionary histories, see our answer on replaying evolution.
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